都说deadline是第一生产力，不论学生还是上班族，我们都有过焦头烂额赶deadline的时候。如何避免在这条“生死线”的前一刻拼死拼活呢？本文就来分享几种高效的时间管理方法。
01. 扎克伯格怎么管理时间？
Facebook的创始人Zuckerberg向员工分享了一套他自己的时间管理法则。
- Multi-tasking: 同时做多件事，多任务
1. Stop multi-tasking. It merely kills your focus. 不要一心多用，那只会分散你的注意力。一次只做一件事。
- Prioritize:按重要性排列；划分优先顺序
2. No 2 tasks ever hold the same importance. Always prioritize. Be really careful with to-do lists. 从来没有两个任务会有相同的优先级，好好想想哪个更重要。
3. Turn the page on yesterday.Only ever think about today and tomorrow. 把昨天翻篇，只着眼于今天和明天。
- In the zone: 进入状态，聚精会神
4. Work more when you‘re in the zone. Relax when you‘re not. 当你在状态时，就多干点；不然就好好休息。
- Get the ball rolling: 开始，启动
5. Work is the best way to get working. Start with short tasks to get the ball rolling. 进入工作状态的最佳方式就是工作。不积跬步，无以至千里。
02. 科学家们的时间管理秘诀
顶级科学期刊《自然》（Nature）发文介绍了科学家们常用的几种时间管理方式。
1. Beware of distractions
社交媒体会占用很多不该被分散的注意力。在你需要全神贯注做事的时候，不妨把手机上的社交软件全关掉。
- Claim v 夺走；占用
Take a long, hard look at your relationship with e-mail and social media. Although they are vital to everyday communication, they can claim much more attention than they deserve. Consider shutting them off completely as you work on a task that requires your full attention.
2. Learn to say “no”
许多商界精英把他们的成功归功于：说“不”。他们有勇气拒绝任何多余的事情，而把精力放在真正重要的地方。
Many business leaders put a lot of their success down to simply saying “no”. That is, they prioritize their efforts in the few areas that really matter and have the courage to say no to everything else. Be realistic with yourself, and honest with others.
你是不是经常碍于情面不敢说NO呢？特别是对职场新人而言，开口说“不”绝非易事。但其实，如果你盲目地向别人承诺一些力不能及的事情，可能会比直接拒绝更让他们失望。
- Hierarchy [‘haɪə.rɑː(r)ki]: 层级
Saying no is much more difficult if you are, or perceive yourself to be, low down in thehierarchy of your organization. Nevertheless, it‘s important to be honest and to look after your health.
3. Update your plan
计划制定好以后不是一成不变的。尤其是当遇到不顺的时候，应适当修改计划，调整事情的优先级。舍弃掉那些分散注意力的琐碎任务。
- Offload: 卸下，解除
Your plan and priority list will need to be regularly updated, particularly when things are not going well. Don‘t panic if your experiments or initiatives fail: instead, redraft your plan and aim to offload all other distracting tasks as you devote more time to a resolution.
03. GTD: 搞定它
GTD = Getting Things Done（把事情搞定），这种时间管理方式源自David Allen的一本畅销书Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity。
GTD的核心在于，不要太信任自己的脑袋，而要利用工具，清空大脑，一时一事地完成工作。正如作者在书中所说：Your head is for having ideas, not for holding them.
- Actionable：可执行的
The GTD method rests on the idea of moving planned tasks and projects out of the mind by recording them externally and then breaking them into actionable work items. This allows one to focus attention on taking action on tasks, instead of recalling them.
GTD的具体做法可以分成收集、整理、组织、回顾与行动五个步骤：
- Workflow: 工作流程
The GTD workflow consists of five stages: capture, clarify, organize, reflect, and engage.
1. Capture
收集就是将你所有的待办事项（stuff）罗列出来，放入一个inbox中，这个inbox可以是笔记本、文件篮、备忘录等。收集的意义在于，把繁杂的思绪从你的大脑中搬到工具上，让工具帮你记忆你要做的事情。
Collect what has your attention. Us an in-basket, notepad, or voice recorder to capture 100% of everything that has your attention. Little, big, personal and professional—all your to-do‘s, projects, things to handle or finish.
2. Clarify
定期清空inbox。这里要提到一个两分钟原则：如果一件事两分钟就可以解决，那么马上就去做（比如喝咖啡）。不必要的事情，可以从inbox里删掉。剩下的事项要存档，以便下一步执行。
- Incubate：孵化，培养，潜伏
- Delegate [‘deləɡət]：委派，把（工作）委托（给下级）
Process what it means. Take everything that you capture and ask: Is it actionable? If no, then trash it, incubate it, or file it as reference. If yes, decide the very next action required. If it will take less than two minutes, do it now. If not, delegate it if you can; or put it on a list to do when you can.
3. Organise
你可以把待办事项分门别类放在列表中。GTD提供了这样一套分类方案：
Next actions：一项复杂的大任务可以被具体成一个个明晰的步骤。例如，我要在课堂上做一个presentation，那么我的next action可能就是“跟组员讨论presentation的主题”。
Waiting for：有些事项需要等到别人的反馈才能继续进行。例如我把presentation的主题发给老师的邮箱，我就要时不时地检查收件箱，看老师有什么建议。
Someday/Maybe：这些事情你想要在未来某天去做，但具体时间未定。例如：学习西班牙语；出国旅游。
- Errand [‘erənd] : 差使，任务
Put it where it belongs. Put action reminders on the right lists. For example create lists for the appropriate categories—calls to make, errands to run, emails to send, etc.
4. Reflect
要定期回顾及检查你的所有清单并进行更新。而且在回顾的同时还需要进行未来一周的计划工作。
Review frequency. Look over your lists as often as necessary to determine what to do next. Do a weekly review to clean up, update your lists, and clear your mind.
5. Engage
开始行动吧！你可以根据所处的环境、时间、精力以及重要性，选择清单上的事项来行动。
Simply do. Use your system to take appropriate actions with confidence.
（本文转载自微信公众号：开言英语）
