形容词和副词
一、形容词
1. 形容词的位置
形容词作定语通常放在它所修饰的名词前面,但在下列情况下,形容词可以或必须后置:
1)形容词作定语修饰由some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时须后置。如:
We shall do everything necessary to bring the murderer to justice.
Is there anyone new coming to tonight's meeting?
2)以-ible和-able结尾的形容词可置于形容词最高级或only等所修饰的名词之后。如:
He is doing the best job possible.
This was the only room available.
3)一些表语形容词可置于所修饰的名词之后。如:
These facts alone show that he's not to be trusted.
4)形容词短语一般须后置,往往相当于定语从句。如:
He was a king anxious for his people's welfare.
2. 前置形容词的排列顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,它们的顺序大致为:描绘性形容词(短词在前,长词在后)→表特征的形容词(包括大小、形状、新旧、年龄等,顺序也大致如此,但不固定)→表颜色的形容词→表类属的形容词(包括专有形容词和表材料质地的形容词)。如:
the beautiful little white Chinese bridge
a tall intelligent young British officer
二、副词
1. 副词的分类
副词大体上可分为下面几类:
1)时间副词,如before, early, now。
2)地点副词,如everywhere, there, here。
3)方式副词,如quickly, gladly, coldly。
4)程度副词,如almost, partly, much, quite。
5)频度副词,如always, often, rarely。
6)疑问副词,如how, why。
7)连接副词,如why, when, where。
8)关系副词,如when, where。
9)句子副词,如actually, certainly, anyway。
10)使与上文连接更紧密的副词,如therefore, however, besides。
2. 副词的位置
1)修饰形容词、副词、介词短语,以及从句、整句时,副词要放在它们的前面。但副词enough 要放在被修饰的形容词和副词后面。如:
The rooms are all large enough to take a third bed.
He doesn't work hard enough.
2)频度副词一般放在系动词be之后,行为动词之前;如有情态动词或助动词,则放在这类动词之后。如:
He is always late.
Scott must have never been to America.
3. 词义有差别的同根副词
有些副词有两种不同的形式,一种与形容词同形,另一种由形容词加后缀-ly构成。二者有时区别不大,但在许多情况下二者是有区别的:前者多用在直接或具体的场合,后者多用在抽象的场合。如: